Rather than looking at popular culture as a free exchange of ideas; a vast heterogeneous construction, Homi Bhabha’s notion of “hybridity” , rather he sees cultural development as the combined product of deliberate imposition by dominant forms and the marginalisation of cultural forms which do not coincide with the dominant order. Showing scepticism characteristic of conservative thinkers he describes this process as being disguised as “reform” and in the “best interests” of the people. This idea of a super imposed cultural transformation in the face of resistance, but presented as a transparent and natural part of “modernisation” may have been borrowed and expanded by other socialist writers and thinkers such as Naomi Klein. In the Shock Doctrine Klein argues that neo-liberal economic policies have been imposed on cultures in times of chaos, when people are “psychologically unmoored and physically uprooted” these proponents of change “begin their work of remaking the world” without consulting the people whose lives they are affecting.